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ਜਾਰਵਾ ਕਬੀਲਾ

ਭਾਰਤਪੀਡੀਆ ਤੋਂ

ਫਰਮਾ:Infobox ethnic group

ਜਾਰਵਾ, ਅੰਡੇਮਾਨ ਅਤੇ ਨਿਕੋਬਾਰ ਟਾਪੂਆਂ, ਦਾ ਆਦਿਵਾਸੀ ਕਬੀਲਾ ਹੈ ਇਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਜਾਰਵਾ ਜਾਂ ਜਾੜਵਾ ਟਰਾਈਬਲ ਵੀ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਜਾਰਵਾ ਆਦਿਵਾਸੀ ਕਈ ਵਾਰ ਭਿਆਨਕ ਬੀਮਾਰੀਆਂ ਦੀ ਲਪੇਟ ਵਿੱਚ ਆ ਗਏ ਜਿਸ ਕਾਰਨ ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੀ ਆਬਾਦੀ ਘਟਦੀ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਵੇਲੇ ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੀ ਗਿਣਤੀ 250-400 ਤੱਕ ਹੈ। ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੀ ਆਪਣੀ ਬੋਲੀ ਤੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਰਸਮ ਰਿਵਾਜ ਹਨ। ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਦੇਵੀ ਦੇਵਤਾ ਵੀ ਆਪਣੇ ਹਨ। ਸਮੁੰਦਰੀ ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰ ਤੋਂ ਇਲਾਵਾ ਇਹ ਸੂਰ ਦਾ ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਇਹ ਕਬੀਲਾ ਗਾਂ ਤੇ ਹਿਰਨ ਨੂੰ ਨਹੀਂ ਮਾਰਦਾ। ਇਹ ਜੰਗਲੀ ਫਲ਼ ਤੇ ਸ਼ਹਿਦ ਵੀ ਇਕੱਠਾ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਇਹ ਟਾਹਣੀਆਂ ਪੱਤਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਝੁੱਗੀ ਨੁਮਾ ਘਰ ਬਣਾ ਕੇ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਕੱਪੜਾ ਕੋਈ ਨਹੀਂ ਪਾਉਂਦੇ। ਚਿੱਟੀ ਤੇ ਲਾਲ ਮਿੱਟੀ ਨਾਲ ਧਾਰੀਆਂ ਜਿਹੀਆਂ ਵਾਹ ਕੇ ਸਰੀਰ ਨੂੰ ਸਜਾ ਲੈਂਦੇ ਹਨ। ਔਰਤਾਂ ਜੰਗਲੀ ਫੁੱਲਾਂ ਤੇ ਸਿੱਪੀਆਂ ਘੋਗਿਆਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਲੜੀਆਂ ਬਣਾ ਕੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਨੂੰ ਸੁਆਰ ਲੈਂਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ। ਮਰਦ ਲੱਕੜ ਦੀਆਂ ਤਿੱਖੀਆਂ ਚੁੰਝਾਂ ਵਾਲੀਆਂ ਡਾਂਗਾਂ ਹੱਥ ਵਿੱਚ ਰੱਖਦੇ ਹਨ। ਉਹ ਲੱਕੜ ਦੇ ਮੋਛੇ ਟਾਹਣੀਆਂ ਤੇ ਪੱਤਿਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਬੰਨ੍ਹ ਕੇ ਲੋੜ ਜੋਗੀ ਬੇੜੀ ਤਿਆਰ ਕਰ ਲੈਂਦੇ ਨੇ। ਉਹ ਆਪਣੇ ਸਮੁੰਦਰੀ ਇਲਾਕੇ ਵੱਲ ਕਿਸੇ ਨੂੰ ਆਉਂਦਾ ਵੇਖ ਹਮਲਾਵਰ ਹੋ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ। ਜਾਰਵਾ ਹਿੰਸਕ ਲੋਕ ਹਨ।[1]

ਤਸਵੀਰ:Jarwa reserve forest,Andaman Islands, India.JPG
ਜਾਰਵਾ ਰਾਖਵਾਂ ਜੰਗਲ
ਜਾਰਵਾ ਰਾਖਵਾਂ ਜੰਗਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਦਾਖਲੇ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਪੁਲਿਸ ਚੈਕਿੰਗ ਚੈੱਕਪੋਸਟ

,ਜਾਰਵਾ ਰਾਖਵਾਂ ਜੰਗਲ ਕਰੀਬ 50 ਕਿ ਮੀ ਲੰਮੇ ਰਕਬੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਫੈਲਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ ਹੈ ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੜਕ ਬਣੀ ਹੋਈ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਬਾਰਾਟਾਂਗ ਟਾਪੂ ਅਤੇ ਡਿਗਲੀਗੜ੍ਹ ਨੂੰ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ|ਇਸ ਜੰਗਲ ਵਿਚੋਂ ਗੁਜਰਨ ਵਾਲੇ ਵਾਹਨਾ ਨੂੰ ਪੁਲਿਸ ਚੈਕਿੰਗ ਕਰਾਉਣੀ ਪੈਂਦੀ ਹੈ |

ਜਾਰਵਾ ਰਾਖਵਾਂ ਜੰਗਲ (ਚੈੱਕਪੋਸਟ),ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਦਾਖਲ ਹੋਣ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਪੁਲਿਸ ਚੈਕਿੰਗ ਕੀਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ,ਵਿਖੇ ਸੈਲਾਨੀਆਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਕਾਰਾਂ ਦੀ ਲੰਮੀ ਕਤਾਰ

ਜਾਰਵਾ ਤੋਂ ਇਲਾਵਾ ਵੀ ਅੰਡੇਮਾਨ-ਨਿਕੋਬਾਰ ਦੇ ਦੂਜੇ ਟਾਪੂਆਂ ’ਤੇ ਆਦਿਵਾਸੀਆਂ ਦਾ ਵਸੇਬਾ ਹੈ। ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਤੇ ਮੱਧ ਅੰਡੇਮਾਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਜਾਰਵਾ ਆਦਿਵਾਸੀਆਂ ਦੀ ਰੱਖ ਹੈ। ਸਟਰੇਟ ਆਈਲੈਂਡ ਵਿੱਚ ਗਰੇਟ ਅੰਡੇਮਾਨੀਜ਼ ਹਨ, ਜਿਹਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਬਹੁਤ ਹੀ ਘੱਟ ਹੈ। ਨਿੱਕੇ ਅੰਡੇਮਾਨ ’ਤੇ ਓਂਗਜ਼ ਹਨ। ਗਰੇਟ ਨਿਕੋਬਾਰ ਦੇ ਸ਼ੌਂਪੈਨਜ਼ ਮੰਗੋਲੀਅਨ ਜਾਤੀ ਦੇ ਆਦਿਵਾਸੀ ਹਨ ਤੇ ਸੈਂਟੀਨਲ ਆਈਲੈਂਡ ਦੇ ਸੈਂਟੀਨੀਲੀਜ਼ ਹਨ ਜਿਹਨਾਂ ਦਾ ਬਾਹਰਲੇ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਨਾਲ ਕਦੇ ਕੋਈ ਵਾਸਤਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਰਿਹਾ। ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਅਜਿਹੇ ਲੋਕ ਹਨ ਜਿਹਨਾਂ ਨੇ ਹਾਲੇ ਤੱਕ ਤੀਲ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੀ ਡੱਬੀ ਤੱਕ ਨਹੀਂ ਵੇਖੀ ਤੇ ਉਹ ਬਾਂਸ ਨਾਲ ਬਾਂਸ ਰਗੜ ਕੇ ਅੱਗ ਬਾਲਦੇ ਹਨ। ਪਿਛਲੇ ਸਾਲਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਜਾਰਵਾ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦਾ ਬਾਹਰਲੇ ਸਮਾਜ ਨਾਲ ਸੰਪਰਕ ਵਧ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ। ਕੁਝ ਗ਼ੈਰ-ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਸੰਸਥਾਵਾਂ ਦੇ ਕਾਰਕੁੰਨ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਰਾਬਤਾ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਾਮਯਾਬ ਹੋ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ। ਕੁਝ ਜਾਰਵਾ ਸੱਭਿਆ ਸਮਾਜ ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਹੋ ਵੀ ਗਏ ਹਨ ਤੇ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਬੱਚੇ ਹੋਰਨਾਂ ਵਾਂਗ ਪੜ੍ਹਨ ਲਿਖਣ ਲੱਗੇ ਹਨ।

ਕਬੀਲੇ ਦੀ ਵੱਸੋਂ ਅਤੇ ਬਸਤੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਤਬਦੀਲੀਆਂ

19 ਵੀੰ ਸਦੀ ਤੱਕ ਜਾਰਵਾ ਕਬੀਲਾ ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅੰਡੇਮਾਨ ਤੱਕ ਮਹਿਦੂਦ ਸੀ।1789 ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਅੰਗ੍ਰੇਜ਼ ਬਸਤੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਹੋਂਦ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਉਣ ਸਮੇਂ ਇਹਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਕਿਸੇ ਗੰਭੀਰ ਬਿਮਾਰੀ ਦੇ ਲਪੇਟ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਉਣ ਕਾਰਣ ਇਹਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਵੱਸੋਂ ਘੱਟ ਹੋ ਜਾਣ ਦਾ ਖਦਸ਼ਾ ਹੈ।[2] ਇਸਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਕਾਰਣ ਅਫੀਮ ਅਤੇ ਸ਼ਰਾਬਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਵੀ ਸੀ ਜੋ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ ਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਕਾਂ ਨੇ ਇਹਨਾਂ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦੀ ਵਸੋਂ ਘਟਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਕੀਤੀ ਸੀ |[3] ਕਰੀਬ ਦੋ ਸਦੀਆਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਆਮ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਬਰਮੀ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦੇ ਇੱਥੇ ਆਉਣ ਨਾਲ ਵੀ ਇਸ ਪ੍ਰਕਿਰਿਆ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਾਧਾ ਹੋਇਆ। 1997 ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਇਹ ਲੋਕ ਬਾਕੀ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਦੂਰੀ ਅਤੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਅਜ਼ਾਦ ਹੋਂਦ ਬਰਕਰਾਰ ਰਖਣ ਦੀ ਪੂਰੀ ਕੋਸ਼ਿਸ਼ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਨ। 1998 ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਜਾਰਵਾ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨੇ ਆਮ ਨਾਗਰਿਕਾਂ ਖਾਸ ਕਰ ਸੈਲਾਨੀਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਸੰਪਰਕ ਵਧਾਉਣ ਦੇ ਉਪਰਾਲੇ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਕੀਤੇ। ਪਰ ਜਾਰਵਾ ਕਬੀਲੇ ਤੋਂ ਘਾਤਕ ਬਿਮਾਰੀ, ਜਿਸਦਾ ਇਹ ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰ ਹੋਏ ਸਨ, ਲਗਣ ਦਾ ਦਰ ਹੋਣ ਕਰਕੇ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਸੈਲਾਨੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਖਤਰਾ ਹੀ ਰਹਿੰਦਾ ਸੀ।[4] ਹੁਣ ਅੰਡੇਮਾਨ ਸ਼ਾਹ ਰਾਹ (Andaman Trunk Road]] ਬਣਨ ਨਾਲ ਆਮ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦਾ ਅਤੇ ਸੈਲਾਨੀਆਂ ਦਾ ਇਹਨਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਸੰਪਰਕ ਵਧਿਆ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇਹਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਕੁਝ ਬੱਚੇ ਆਮ ਬਚਿਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਸਕੂਲਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਪੜਨ ਦੀ ਇਛਾ ਵੀ ਰਖਦੇ ਹਨ |[5]

ਅੰਡੇਮਾਨ ਸ਼ਾਹ ਰਾਹ ਦਾ ਅਸਰ

ਜਾਰਵਾ ਕਬੀਲੇ ਨੂੰ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਖਤਰਾ ਜਾਰਵਾ ਖੇਤਰ ਵਿਚਕਾਰ ਦੀ ਅੰਡੇਮਾਨ ਸ਼ਾਹ ਰਾਹ ਬਣਨ ਨਾਲ ਪੈਦਾ ਹੋਇਆ |ਇਸ ਨਾਲ ਜਾਰਵਾ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦਾ ਆਮ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਸੰਪਰਕ ਵਧ ਗਿਆ | ਉਹ ਆਮ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਵਾਂਗ ਦਾਲ ਰੋਟੀ ਵੀ ਖਾਣ ਲੱਗ ਪਏ ਅਤੇ ਤੰਬਾਕੂ, ਅਤੇ ਕਈ ਹੋਰ ਨਸ਼ੇ ਵੀ ਕਰਨ ਦੇ ਆਦੀ ਹੋ ਗਏ| ਉਹ ਜਿਣਸੀ ਸ਼ੋਸ਼ਣ ਡਾ ਵੀ ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰ ਹੋਣ ਲਗ ਗਏ ਭਾਂਵੇਂ ਲਾਲਚ ਨਾਲ ਜਾਂ ਮਰਜ਼ੀ ਨਾਲ | ਇਸ ਨਾਲ ਜਾਰਵਾ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦਾ ਅਜ਼ਾਦ ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰ ਖਤਮ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ| ਜਿਆਦਾਤਰ ਕਬੀਲਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਹੱਕਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਜੁੜੇ ਸਵੈ ਸੇਵੀ ਕਾਰਕੁਨ ਵੀ ਬਾਹਰਲੇ ਖੇਤਰਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ |ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਇਲਾਵਾ ਜਾਰਵਾ ਖੇਤਰ ਤੇ ਗੈਰ ਕਾਨੂਨੀ ਕਬਜ਼ਾ ਅਤੇ ਇਸ ਭੂਮੀ ਦਾ ਵਪਾਰਕ ਮੰਤਵਾਂ ਲਈ ਹਦੋਂ ਵਧ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਕਾਰਨ ਵੀ ਇਹਨਾਂ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦੀ ਹੋਂਦ ਨੂੰ ਖਤਰਾ ਪੈਦਾ ਹੋਇਆ ਅਤੇ ਕਲਕੱਤਾ ਹਾਈ ਕੋਰਟ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੇਸ ਦਾਇਰ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ| ਬਾਅਦ ਵਿੱਚ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀ ਸਰਵਉਚ ਅਦਾਲਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੀ ਇੱਕ ਲੋਕ ਹਿੱਤ ਪਟੀਸ਼ਨ (ਪੀ. ਆਈ .ਐੱਲ) ਦਾਇਰ ਕੀਤੀ ਗਈ| ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਬੰਬੇ ਨੇਚੁਰਲ ਹਿਸਟਰੀ ਸੋਸਾਇਟੀ ,ਸੋਸਾਇਟੀ ਫਾਰ ਅੰਡੇਮਾਨ ਐਂਡ ਨਿਕੋਬਾਰ ਇਕੌਲੋਜੀ ਅਤੇ ਪੂਨਾ ਅਧਾਰਤ ਕਲਪਵਰਿਕਸ਼ ਆਦਿ ਸਵੈ ਸੇਵੀ ਸੰਗਠਨਾ ਦੀਆ ਪਹਿਲ ਕਦਮੀ ਨਾਲ ਕਲਕੱਤਾ ਹਾਈ ਕੋਰਟ ਇੱਕ ਸਾਂਝੀ ਪਟੀਸ਼ਨ ਦਾਇਰ ਕੀਤੀ ਗਈ ਜਿਸ ਨਾਲ ਹਾਈ ਕੋਰਟ ਨੇ 2001 ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕ ਫੈਸਲਾ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਨ ਨੂੰ ਜਾਰਵਾ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦੇ ਉਜੜੇ ਅਤੇ ਸ਼ੋਸ਼ਣ ਨੂੰ ਰੋਕਣ ਲਈ ਠੋਸ ਉਪਰਾਲੇ ਕਰਨ ਦੇ ਆਦੇਸ਼ ਦਿੱਤੇ ਗਏ|[6]


ਹਵਾਲੇ

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  1. {{ #if: |ਫਰਮਾ:Citation/patent |{{ #if:Maurice Vidal Portman |{{ #if: |[[ |Maurice Vidal Portman{{ #if: |, }}]] |Maurice Vidal Portman{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |; et al. }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{#if:|{{{date}}}| 1898}} | ({{#if:|{{{date}}}| 1898}}){{ #if: | [] }} }} |{{ #if: |{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |; {{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |; {{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: | et al. }} }} }}, ed{{#if:|s}}.{{ #if: {{#if:|{{{date}}}| 1898}} | ({{#if:|{{{date}}}| 1898}}) }} }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if:Maurice Vidal Portman |, }}{{#if: {{ #if: | |{{ #if: {{#if:||http://books.google.com/?id=1BYTAAAAYAAJ}} |{{#if:||http://books.google.com/?id=1BYTAAAAYAAJ}} |{{ #if: |http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid= }} }} }} | [{{ #if: | |{{ #if: {{#if:||http://books.google.com/?id=1BYTAAAAYAAJ}} |{{#if:||http://books.google.com/?id=1BYTAAAAYAAJ}} |{{ #if: |http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid= }} }} }} {{ #if: |' |"" }}] | {{ #if: |' |"" }} }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #ifeq: | | |{{ #if: Maurice Vidal Portman |, written at }} }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: Maurice Vidal Portman |, {{ #if: |in }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }}}}{{ #if: |; 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    |, doi:{{#if: | (inactive {{#switch:none |{{#iferror: {{#time:Y_M_d| }} | none }} |{{#iferror: {{#expr: +0 }} | |{{#ifexpr: +0 > 10000000000000 | |{{#ifeq: {{#expr:+0}} | | none | }} }} }} |{{#switch: | none | asis=none }} |{{#ifexpr: {{#time:Y| }} < 1000 | none }} |{{#switch: {{#time:Ynj| }}|100031|110031|130031|140031|150031=none}} |= | {{#ifeq:{{#time:Y| 2008}}{{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: >10000000000000 | no }} | }}{{#time:Y| 2004}} |20082004 | {{#ifeq:{{#time:d| 2036}}|{{#time:d| }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd = F j | mdy | iso | ymd = F j | ldmy | l = j F | #default = j F }}| 2000 }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd | ldmy | l = F | #default = F }}| 2000 }} }} | {{#if: {{#iferror:{{#time:j|2 }}|*D*|{{#iferror:{{#time:j|2000 }}|*D*| }}}} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy = F j, Y | mdy = F j, Y | liso = Y-m-d | iso = Y-m-d | lymd = Y F j | ymd = Y F j | ldmy | l = j F Y | #default = j F Y }}| }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd | ldmy | l = F Y | #default = F Y }}| }} }} }} }}) {{#ifeq: | | [[Category:Pages with DOIs broken since {{#time: Y | }}]] }} | }} }}{{ #if: |, }}{{ #if: |, ISBN }}{{ #if: |, ISSN [1] }}{{ #if: |, OCLC [2] }}{{ #if: |, PMID }}{{ #if: |{{#if: {{#if:||http://books.google.com/?id=1BYTAAAAYAAJ}} |, PMC: [3] }} }}{{ #if: |, Bibcode[4] }}{{ #if: {{#if:|Archived from {{#if:http://books.google.com/?id=1BYTAAAAYAAJ%7Cthe original|the original}} {{#if:| on {{{archivedate}}}|. You must specify the date the archive was made using the ਫਰਮਾ:Para parameter.{{#if: ||}}}} }} |, {{#if:|Archived from {{#if:http://books.google.com/?id=1BYTAAAAYAAJ%7Cthe original|the original}} {{#if:| on {{{archivedate}}}|. You must specify the date the archive was made using the ਫਰਮਾ:Para parameter.{{#if: ||}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{#if:||http://books.google.com/?id=1BYTAAAAYAAJ}} |{{ #if: Notes on the Languages of the South Andaman Group of Tribes |, {{ #if: | |{{#if:||http://books.google.com/?id=1BYTAAAAYAAJ}} }} |, {{ #if: | |{{#if:||http://books.google.com/?id=1BYTAAAAYAAJ}} }} }}{{ #if: | {{#ifeq:,|,|, r|. R}}etrieved on {{#switch:none |{{#iferror: {{#time:Y_M_d| }} | none }} |{{#iferror: {{#expr: +0 }} | |{{#ifexpr: +0 > 10000000000000 | |{{#ifeq: {{#expr:+0}} | | none | }} }} }} |{{#switch: | none | asis=none }} |{{#ifexpr: {{#time:Y| }} < 1000 | none }} |{{#switch: {{#time:Ynj| }}|100031|110031|130031|140031|150031=none}} |= | {{#ifeq:{{#time:Y| 2008}}{{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: >10000000000000 | no }} | }}{{#time:Y| 2004}} |20082004 | {{#ifeq:{{#time:d| 2036}}|{{#time:d| }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd = F j | mdy | iso | ymd = F j | ldmy | l = j F | #default = j F }}| 2000 }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd | ldmy | l = F | #default = F }}| 2000 }} }} | {{#if: {{#iferror:{{#time:j|2 }}|*D*|{{#iferror:{{#time:j|2000 }}|*D*| }}}} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy = F j, Y | mdy = F j, Y | liso = Y-m-d | iso = Y-m-d | lymd = Y F j | ymd = Y F j | ldmy | l = j F Y | #default = j F Y }}| }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd | ldmy | l = F Y | #default = F Y }}| }} }} }} }} }} }}{{#if: |, [ Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[]]) }}{{#if:... 'Jangil' is here used for 'Ancestors.' I found that this word was used by the very ancient Aka-Bea-da for the name of the hostile inland tribe in the South Andaman, who are now known as Jarawas and who belong to the Onge group of tribes. |, "... 'Jangil' is here used for 'Ancestors.' I found that this word was used by the very ancient Aka-Bea-da for the name of the hostile inland tribe in the South Andaman, who are now known as Jarawas and who belong to the Onge group of tribes." }}{{#if:... 'Jangil' is here used for 'Ancestors.' I found that this word was used by the very ancient Aka-Bea-da for the name of the hostile inland tribe in the South Andaman, who are now known as Jarawas and who belong to the Onge group of tribes.||}}
     }}
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    |, doi:{{#if: | (inactive {{#switch:none |{{#iferror: {{#time:Y_M_d| }} | none }} |{{#iferror: {{#expr: +0 }} | |{{#ifexpr: +0 > 10000000000000 | |{{#ifeq: {{#expr:+0}} | | none | }} }} }} |{{#switch: | none | asis=none }} |{{#ifexpr: {{#time:Y| }} < 1000 | none }} |{{#switch: {{#time:Ynj| }}|100031|110031|130031|140031|150031=none}} |= | {{#ifeq:{{#time:Y| 2008}}{{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: >10000000000000 | no }} | }}{{#time:Y| 2004}} |20082004 | {{#ifeq:{{#time:d| 2036}}|{{#time:d| }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd = F j | mdy | iso | ymd = F j | ldmy | l = j F | #default = j F }}| 2000 }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd | ldmy | l = F | #default = F }}| 2000 }} }} | {{#if: {{#iferror:{{#time:j|2 }}|*D*|{{#iferror:{{#time:j|2000 }}|*D*| }}}} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy = F j, Y | mdy = F j, Y | liso = Y-m-d | iso = Y-m-d | lymd = Y F j | ymd = Y F j | ldmy | l = j F Y | #default = j F Y }}| }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd | ldmy | l = F Y | #default = F Y }}| }} }} }} }}) {{#ifeq: | | [[Category:Pages with DOIs broken since {{#time: Y | }}]] }} | }} }}{{ #if: |, }}{{ #if: 87-91563-04-6 |, ISBN 87-91563-04-6 }}{{ #if: |, ISSN [5] }}{{ #if: |, OCLC [6] }}{{ #if: |, PMID }}{{ #if: |{{#if: {{#if:||http://books.google.com/?id=XFETVExNUYgC}} |, PMC: [7] }} }}{{ #if: |, Bibcode[8] }}{{ #if: {{#if:|Archived from {{#if:http://books.google.com/?id=XFETVExNUYgC%7Cthe original|the original}} {{#if:| on {{{archivedate}}}|. You must specify the date the archive was made using the ਫਰਮਾ:Para parameter.{{#if: ||}}}} }} |, {{#if:|Archived from {{#if:http://books.google.com/?id=XFETVExNUYgC%7Cthe original|the original}} {{#if:| on {{{archivedate}}}|. You must specify the date the archive was made using the ਫਰਮਾ:Para parameter.{{#if: ||}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{#if:||http://books.google.com/?id=XFETVExNUYgC}} |{{ #if: Development and Ethnocide: Colonial Practices in the Andaman Islands |, {{ #if: | |{{#if:||http://books.google.com/?id=XFETVExNUYgC}} }} |, {{ #if: | |{{#if:||http://books.google.com/?id=XFETVExNUYgC}} }} }}{{ #if: | {{#ifeq:,|,|, r|. R}}etrieved on {{#switch:none |{{#iferror: {{#time:Y_M_d| }} | none }} |{{#iferror: {{#expr: +0 }} | |{{#ifexpr: +0 > 10000000000000 | |{{#ifeq: {{#expr:+0}} | | none | }} }} }} |{{#switch: | none | asis=none }} |{{#ifexpr: {{#time:Y| }} < 1000 | none }} |{{#switch: {{#time:Ynj| }}|100031|110031|130031|140031|150031=none}} |= | {{#ifeq:{{#time:Y| 2008}}{{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: >10000000000000 | no }} | }}{{#time:Y| 2004}} |20082004 | {{#ifeq:{{#time:d| 2036}}|{{#time:d| }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd = F j | mdy | iso | ymd = F j | ldmy | l = j F | #default = j F }}| 2000 }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd | ldmy | l = F | #default = F }}| 2000 }} }} | {{#if: {{#iferror:{{#time:j|2 }}|*D*|{{#iferror:{{#time:j|2000 }}|*D*| }}}} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy = F j, Y | mdy = F j, Y | liso = Y-m-d | iso = Y-m-d | lymd = Y F j | ymd = Y F j | ldmy | l = j F Y | #default = j F Y }}| }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd | ldmy | l = F Y | #default = F Y }}| }} }} }} }} }} }}{{#if: |, [ Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[]]) }}{{#if:... As I have suggested previously, it is probable that some disease was introduced among the coastal groups by Lieutenant Colebrooke and Blair's first settlement in 1789, resulting in a marked reduction of their population. The four years that the British occupied their initial site on the south-east of South Andaman were sufficient to have decimated the coastal populations of the groups referred to as Jarawa by the Aka-bea-da ... |, "... As I have suggested previously, it is probable that some disease was introduced among the coastal groups by Lieutenant Colebrooke and Blair's first settlement in 1789, resulting in a marked reduction of their population. The four years that the British occupied their initial site on the south-east of South Andaman were sufficient to have decimated the coastal populations of the groups referred to as Jarawa by the Aka-bea-da ..." }}{{#if:... As I have suggested previously, it is probable that some disease was introduced among the coastal groups by Lieutenant Colebrooke and Blair's first settlement in 1789, resulting in a marked reduction of their population. The four years that the British occupied their initial site on the south-east of South Andaman were sufficient to have decimated the coastal populations of the groups referred to as Jarawa by the Aka-bea-da ...||}}
     }}
  3. {{ #if: |ਫਰਮਾ:Citation/patent |{{ #if:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Francesco Cavalli-Sforza |{{ #if: |[[ |Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Francesco Cavalli-Sforza{{ #if: |, }}]] |Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Francesco Cavalli-Sforza{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |; et al. }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{#if:|{{{date}}}| 1995}} | ({{#if:|{{{date}}}| 1995}}){{ #if: | [] }} }} |{{ #if: |{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |; 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    1. if:
    |, doi:{{#if: | (inactive {{#switch:none |{{#iferror: {{#time:Y_M_d| }} | none }} |{{#iferror: {{#expr: +0 }} | |{{#ifexpr: +0 > 10000000000000 | |{{#ifeq: {{#expr:+0}} | | none | }} }} }} |{{#switch: | none | asis=none }} |{{#ifexpr: {{#time:Y| }} < 1000 | none }} |{{#switch: {{#time:Ynj| }}|100031|110031|130031|140031|150031=none}} |= | {{#ifeq:{{#time:Y| 2008}}{{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: >10000000000000 | no }} | }}{{#time:Y| 2004}} |20082004 | {{#ifeq:{{#time:d| 2036}}|{{#time:d| }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd = F j | mdy | iso | ymd = F j | ldmy | l = j F | #default = j F }}| 2000 }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd | ldmy | l = F | #default = F }}| 2000 }} }} | {{#if: {{#iferror:{{#time:j|2 }}|*D*|{{#iferror:{{#time:j|2000 }}|*D*| }}}} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy = F j, Y | mdy = F j, Y | liso = Y-m-d | iso = Y-m-d | lymd = Y F j | ymd = Y F j | ldmy | l = j F Y | #default = j F Y }}| }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd | ldmy | l = F Y | #default = F Y }}| }} }} }} }}) {{#ifeq: | | [[Category:Pages with DOIs broken since {{#time: Y | }}]] }} | }} }}{{ #if: |, }}{{ #if: 0-201-44231-0 |, ISBN 0-201-44231-0 }}{{ #if: |, ISSN [9] }}{{ #if: |, OCLC [10] }}{{ #if: |, PMID }}{{ #if: |{{#if: {{#if:||http://books.google.com/?id=ApuuiwUkEZ0C}} |, PMC: [11] }} }}{{ #if: |, Bibcode[12] }}{{ #if: {{#if:|Archived from {{#if:http://books.google.com/?id=ApuuiwUkEZ0C%7Cthe original|the original}} {{#if:| on {{{archivedate}}}|. You must specify the date the archive was made using the ਫਰਮਾ:Para parameter.{{#if: ||}}}} }} |, {{#if:|Archived from {{#if:http://books.google.com/?id=ApuuiwUkEZ0C%7Cthe original|the original}} {{#if:| on {{{archivedate}}}|. You must specify the date the archive was made using the ਫਰਮਾ:Para parameter.{{#if: ||}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{#if:||http://books.google.com/?id=ApuuiwUkEZ0C}} |{{ #if: The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution |, {{ #if: | |{{#if:||http://books.google.com/?id=ApuuiwUkEZ0C}} }} |, {{ #if: | |{{#if:||http://books.google.com/?id=ApuuiwUkEZ0C}} }} }}{{ #if: | {{#ifeq:,|,|, r|. R}}etrieved on {{#switch:none |{{#iferror: {{#time:Y_M_d| }} | none }} |{{#iferror: {{#expr: +0 }} | |{{#ifexpr: +0 > 10000000000000 | |{{#ifeq: {{#expr:+0}} | | none | }} }} }} |{{#switch: | none | asis=none }} |{{#ifexpr: {{#time:Y| }} < 1000 | none }} |{{#switch: {{#time:Ynj| }}|100031|110031|130031|140031|150031=none}} |= | {{#ifeq:{{#time:Y| 2008}}{{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: >10000000000000 | no }} | }}{{#time:Y| 2004}} |20082004 | {{#ifeq:{{#time:d| 2036}}|{{#time:d| }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd = F j | mdy | iso | ymd = F j | ldmy | l = j F | #default = j F }}| 2000 }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd | ldmy | l = F | #default = F }}| 2000 }} }} | {{#if: {{#iferror:{{#time:j|2 }}|*D*|{{#iferror:{{#time:j|2000 }}|*D*| }}}} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy = F j, Y | mdy = F j, Y | liso = Y-m-d | iso = Y-m-d | lymd = Y F j | ymd = Y F j | ldmy | l = j F Y | #default = j F Y }}| }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd | ldmy | l = F Y | #default = F Y }}| }} }} }} }} }} }}{{#if: |, [ Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[]]) }}{{#if:... Contact with whites, and the British in particular, has virtually destroyed them. Illness, alcohol, and the will of the colonials all played their part; the British governor of the time mentions in his diary that he received instructions to destroy them with alcohol and opium. He succeeded completely with one group. The others reacted violently ... |, "... Contact with whites, and the British in particular, has virtually destroyed them. Illness, alcohol, and the will of the colonials all played their part; the British governor of the time mentions in his diary that he received instructions to destroy them with alcohol and opium. He succeeded completely with one group. The others reacted violently ..." }}{{#if:... Contact with whites, and the British in particular, has virtually destroyed them. Illness, alcohol, and the will of the colonials all played their part; the British governor of the time mentions in his diary that he received instructions to destroy them with alcohol and opium. He succeeded completely with one group. The others reacted violently ...||}}
     }}
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    1. if:
    |, doi:{{#if: | (inactive {{#switch:none |{{#iferror: {{#time:Y_M_d| }} | none }} |{{#iferror: {{#expr: +0 }} | |{{#ifexpr: +0 > 10000000000000 | |{{#ifeq: {{#expr:+0}} | | none | }} }} }} |{{#switch: | none | asis=none }} |{{#ifexpr: {{#time:Y| }} < 1000 | none }} |{{#switch: {{#time:Ynj| }}|100031|110031|130031|140031|150031=none}} |= | {{#ifeq:{{#time:Y| 2008}}{{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: >10000000000000 | no }} | }}{{#time:Y| 2004}} |20082004 | {{#ifeq:{{#time:d| 2036}}|{{#time:d| }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd = F j | mdy | iso | ymd = F j | ldmy | l = j F | #default = j F }}| 2000 }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd | ldmy | l = F | #default = F }}| 2000 }} }} | {{#if: {{#iferror:{{#time:j|2 }}|*D*|{{#iferror:{{#time:j|2000 }}|*D*| }}}} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy = F j, Y | mdy = F j, Y | liso = Y-m-d | iso = Y-m-d | lymd = Y F j | ymd = Y F j | ldmy | l = j F Y | #default = j F Y }}| }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd | ldmy | l = F Y | #default = F Y }}| }} }} }} }}) {{#ifeq: | | [[Category:Pages with DOIs broken since {{#time: Y | }}]] }} | }} }}{{ #if: |, }}{{ #if: |, ISBN }}{{ #if: |, ISSN [13] }}{{ #if: |, OCLC [14] }}{{ #if: |, PMID }}{{ #if: |{{#if: {{#if:||http://www.survival-international.org/tribes/jarawa}} |, PMC: [15] }} }}{{ #if: |, Bibcode[16] }}{{ #if: {{#if:|Archived from {{#if:http://www.survival-international.org/tribes/jarawa%7Cthe original|the original}} {{#if:| on {{{archivedate}}}|. You must specify the date the archive was made using the ਫਰਮਾ:Para parameter.{{#if: ||}}}} }} |, {{#if:|Archived from {{#if:http://www.survival-international.org/tribes/jarawa%7Cthe original|the original}} {{#if:| on {{{archivedate}}}|. You must specify the date the archive was made using the ਫਰਮਾ:Para parameter.{{#if: ||}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{#if:||http://www.survival-international.org/tribes/jarawa}} |{{ #if: Jarawa |, {{ #if: | |{{#if:||http://www.survival-international.org/tribes/jarawa}} }} |, {{ #if: | |{{#if:||http://www.survival-international.org/tribes/jarawa}} }} }}{{ #if: 2009-07-06 | {{#ifeq:,|,|, r|. R}}etrieved on {{#switch:none |{{#iferror: {{#time:Y_M_d|2009-07-06 }} | none }} |{{#iferror: {{#expr: 2009-07-06+0 }} | |{{#ifexpr: 2009-07-06+0 > 10000000000000 | |{{#ifeq: {{#expr:2009-07-06+0}} | 2009-07-06 | none | }} }} }} |{{#switch: | none | asis=none }} |{{#ifexpr: {{#time:Y|2009-07-06 }} < 1000 | none }} |{{#switch: {{#time:Ynj|2009-07-06 }}|100031|110031|130031|140031|150031=none}} |= 2009-07-06 | {{#ifeq:{{#time:Y|2009-07-06 2008}}{{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: 2009-07-06>10000000000000 | no }} | }}{{#time:Y|2009-07-06 2004}} |20082004 | {{#ifeq:{{#time:d|2009-07-06 2036}}|{{#time:d|2009-07-06 }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd = F j | mdy | iso | ymd = F j | ldmy | l = j F | #default = j F }}|2009-07-06 2000 }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd | ldmy | l = F | #default = F }}|2009-07-06 2000 }} }} | {{#if: {{#iferror:{{#time:j|2 2009-07-06}}|*D*|{{#iferror:{{#time:j|2000 2009-07-06}}|*D*| }}}} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy = F j, Y | mdy = F j, Y | liso = Y-m-d | iso = Y-m-d | lymd = Y F j | ymd = Y F j | ldmy | l = j F Y | #default = j F Y }}|2009-07-06 }} |{{#time: {{#switch: {{#ifeq:|y|l}} | lmdy | liso | lymd | ldmy | l = F Y | #default = F Y }}|2009-07-06 }} }} }} }} }} }}{{#if: |, [ Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[]]) }}{{#if:... The principal threat to the Jarawa's existence comes from encroachment onto their land, which was sparked by the building of a highway through their forest in the 1970s. The road brings settlers, poachers and loggers, who steal the tribe's game and expose them to disease... |, "... The principal threat to the Jarawa's existence comes from encroachment onto their land, which was sparked by the building of a highway through their forest in the 1970s. The road brings settlers, poachers and loggers, who steal the tribe's game and expose them to disease..." }}{{#if:... The principal threat to the Jarawa's existence comes from encroachment onto their land, which was sparked by the building of a highway through their forest in the 1970s. The road brings settlers, poachers and loggers, who steal the tribe's game and expose them to disease...||}}
     }}
  5. Jarawa"primitives" and welfare politics in the Andaman Islands by Dr. Vishvajit Pandya 2 June 2007 http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/originals/PandyaWelfare/pandya-jarawawelfare.htm "
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