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ਫਰਮਾ:ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀਡੱਬਾ ਪੂਰਵਲਾ ਦੇਸ਼ ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਰਾਜ 1858 ਤੋਂ ਲੈ ਕੇ 1947 ਤੱਕ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਉਪ-ਮਹਾਂਦੀਪ ਉੱਤੇ ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਹਕੂਮਤ ਨੂੰ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ[1]। ਇਸ ਪਦ ਤੋਂ ਭਾਵ ਇਸ ਸੱਤਾ ਦਾ ਕਾਲ ਵੀ ਹੋ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ।[1][2] ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਾਸਨ ਹੇਠਲੇ ਖੇਤਰ, ਜਿਸ ਨੂੰ ਸਮਕਾਲੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਮ ਤੌਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਭਾਰਤ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ, ਵਿੱਚ ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਸਿੱਧੇ ਤੌਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਾਸਤ ਇਲਾਕੇ[3] (ਸਮਕਾਲੀ ਤੌਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਭਾਰਤ) ਅਤੇ ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਮੁਕਟ ਦੀ ਸਰਬ-ਉੱਚਤਾ ਹੇਠ ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸ਼ਾਸਕਾਂ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਸ਼ਾਸਤ ਕੀਤੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਰਾਜ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਸਨ। ਇਸ ਖੇਤਰ ਨੂੰ ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀਆਂ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਕੁਝ ਵਾਰ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ ਵੀ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਸੀ।[4] "ਭਾਰਤ" ਵਜੋਂ ਇਹ ਲੀਗ ਆਫ਼ ਨੇਸ਼ਨਜ਼ ਦਾ ਸਥਾਪਕ ਮੈਂਬਰ ਸੀ ਅਤੇ 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932 ਅਤੇ 1936 ਦੀਆਂ ਗਰਮ-ਰੁੱਤੀ ਓਲੰਪਿਕ ਖੇਡਾਂ ਦਾ ਹਿੱਸੇਦਾਰ ਦੇਸ਼ ਸੀ।
ਰਾਜ-ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ ਦੀ ਸਥਾਪਨਾ 1858 ਵਿੱਚ ਹੋਈ ਸੀ ਜਦੋਂ ਬ੍ਰਿਟਿਸ਼ ਈਸਟ ਇੰਡੀਆ ਕੰਪਨੀ ਦੀ ਹਕੂਮਤ ਦਾ ਤਬਾਦਲਾ ਮਹਾਰਾਣੀ ਵਿਕਟੋਰੀਆ ਦੇ ਤਾਜ ਹੇਠ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ[5] (ਜਿਸ ਨੂੰ 1876 ਵਿੱਚ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀ ਮਹਾਰਾਣੀ ਐਲਾਨਿਆ ਗਿਆ) ਅਤੇ ਜੋ 1947 ਤੱਕ ਜਾਰੀ ਰਿਹਾ ਜਿਸ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ ਨੂੰ ਦੋ ਖ਼ੁਦਮੁਖ਼ਤਿਆਰ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੰਡ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਜੋ ਕਿ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਸੰਘ (ਬਾਅਦ ਵਿੱਚ ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਗਣਰਾਜ) ਅਤੇ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਭੁਤਾ (ਬਾਅਦ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਇਸਲਾਮੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ, ਜਿਸਦਾ ਪੂਰਬੀ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਹੋਰ ਬਾਅਦ ਵਿੱਚ ਬੰਗਲਾਦੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਲੋਕ ਗਣਰਾਜ ਬਣ ਗਿਆ) ਸਨ। 1858 ਵਿੱਚ ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਰਾਜ ਦੇ ਅਰੰਭ ਵੇਲੇ ਹੇਠਲਾ ਬਰਮਾ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਹੀ ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਸੀ; ਉਤਲਾ ਬਰਮਾ 1886 ਵਿੱਚ ਜੋੜਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਨਤੀਜੇ ਵਜੋਂ ਬਣਿਆ ਸੰਘ, ਬਰਮਾ, 1937 ਤੱਕ ਇੱਕ ਸੂਬੇ ਵਜੋਂ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਾਸਤ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਉਸ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਇਹ ਇੱਕ ਅਲੱਗ ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਬਸਤੀ ਬਣ ਗਿਆ ਜਿਸ ਨੂੰ 1948 ਵਿੱਚ ਅਜ਼ਾਦੀ ਮਿਲੀ।
ਇਸ ਰਾਜ ਦੇ ਬਜਟ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਗਰਪਾਲਿਕਾ ਕਾਰਜ, ਪੁਲਿਸ, ਛੋਟੀ ਪਰ ਬਹੁਤ ਸੁਚੱਜੀ ਸਿਖਲਾਈ ਵਾਲ਼ੀ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਸਿਵਲ ਸਰਵਿਸ ਜੋ ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਕੰਮਕਾਜ ਚਲਾਉਂਦੀ ਸੀ ਅਤੇ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਫ਼ੌਜ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਸੀ। ਇਸ ਬਜਟ ਦਾ ਸਾਰਾ ਖ਼ਰਚਾ ਕਰ (ਖ਼ਾਸ ਕਰ ਕੇ ਖੇਤੀ ਅਤੇ ਲੂਣ ਉੱਤੇ) ਦੁਆਰਾ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਲੋਕ ਹੀ ਦਿੰਦੇ ਸਨ। ਵਿਸ਼ਾਲ ਅਤੇ ਚੰਗੀ ਸਿਖਲਾਈ ਵਾਲੀ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਸੈਨਾ ਨੇ ਦੋਹਾਂ ਵਿਸ਼ਵ-ਯੁੱਧਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਅਹਿਮ ਰੋਲ ਅਦਾ ਕੀਤਾ; ਬਾਕੀ ਸਮੇਂ ਇਹ ਅਫ਼ਗ਼ਾਨਿਸਤਾਨ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਸੰਭਾਵਤ ਰੂਸੀ ਹੱਲੇ ਦਾ ਮੁਕਾਬਲਾ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਸਿਖਲਾਈ ਲੈਂਦੀ ਸੀ। ਜ਼ਿਆਦਾਤਰ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਲੋਕ ਬਹੁਤ ਹੀ ਗਰੀਬ ਕਿਸਾਨ ਸਨ; 1% ਦੇ ਆਰਥਕ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਨੂੰ 1% ਦਾ ਅਬਾਦੀ ਵਾਧਾ ਕਿਰਿਆਹੀਣ ਬਣਾ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਸੀ।
ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੇ ਸੂਬੇ
ਅਜ਼ਾਦੀ ਸਮੇਂ ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੇ ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਸੂਬੇ ਸਨ:
- ਅਜਮੇਰ-ਮਰਵਾੜਾ-ਕੇਕਰੀ
- ਅੰਡੇਮਾਨ ਅਤੇ ਨਿਕੋਬਾਰ ਟਾਪੂ
- ਅਸਾਮ
- ਬਲੋਚਿਸਤਾਨ
- ਬੰਗਾਲ
- ਬਿਹਾਰ
- ਬੰਬੇ ਸੂਬਾ – ਬੰਬੇ
- ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਸੂਬੇ ਅਤੇ ਬੇਰਾੜ
- ਦਿੱਲੀ ਸੂਬਾ – ਦਿੱਲੀ
- ਮਦਰਾਸ ਸੂਬਾ – ਮਦਰਾਸ
- ਉੱਤਰ-ਪੱਛਮੀ ਸਰਹੱਦੀ ਸੂਬਾ
- ਪੰਥ-ਪਿਪਲੋਦਾ
- ਉੜੀਸਾ
- ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਪੰਜਾਬ
- ਸਿੰਧ
- ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਸੂਬੇ (ਆਗਰਾ ਅਤੇ ਔਧ)
ਮਦਰਾਸ ਪ੍ਰੈਜ਼ੀਡੈਂਸੀ ਦਾ ਨਕਸ਼ਾ, 1909
ਬੜੌਦਾ ਰਾਜ ਦਾ ਨਕਸ਼ਾ, 1909
ਹੈਦਰਾਬਾਦ ਰਾਜ ਦਾ ਨਕਸ਼ਾ, 1909
ਉੱਤਰੀ ਬੰਬੇ ਪ੍ਰੈਜ਼ੀਡੈਂਸੀ ਦਾ ਨਕਸ਼ਾ, 1909
ਹੋਰ ਪੜ੍ਹੋ
ਸਰਵੇਖਣ
- Bandhu, Deep Chand. History of Indian National Congress (2003) 405pp
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- Dodwell H. H., ed. The Cambridge History of India. Volume 6: The Indian Empire 1858–1918. With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818–1858 (1932) 660pp online edition; also published as vol 5 of the Cambridge History of the British Empire
- James, Lawrence. Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India (2000)
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- Louis, William Roger, and Judith M. Brown, eds. The Oxford History of the British Empire (5 vol 1999–2001), with numerous articles on the Raj
- Ludden, David. India And South Asia: A Short History (2002)
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- Riddick, John F. Who Was Who in British India (1998), covers 1599–1947
- Sarkar, Sumit. Modern India, 1885–1947 (2002)
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- Manmath Nath Das (1964). India under Morley and Minto: politics behind revolution, repression and reforms. G. Allen and Unwin.
- Dewey, Clive. Anglo-Indian Attitudes: The Mind of the Indian Civil Service (2003)
- Ewing, Ann. "Administering India: The Indian Civil Service," History Today, June 1982, 32#6 pp. 43–48, covers 1858–1947
- Gilmartin, David. 1988. Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan. University of California Press. 258 pages. ISBN 978-0-520-06249-8.
- Gilmour, David. The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj (2007)
- Gilmour, David. Curzon: Imperial Statesman (2006) excerpt and text search
- Gopal, Sarvepalli (1 January 1976). Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography. Harvard U. Press. ISBN 978-0-674-47310-2. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
- Sarvepalli Gopal (1953). The viceroyalty of Lord Ripon, 1880–1884. Oxford U. Press. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
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- Moor-Gilbert, Bart. Writing India, 1757–1990: The Literature of British India (1996) on fiction written in English
- Moore, Robin J. "Imperial India, 1858–1914", in Porter, ed. Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, (2001a), pp. 422–446
- Moore, Robin J. "India in the 1940s", in Robin Winks, ed. Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography, (2001b), pp. 231–242
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- Wolpert, Stanley A. Tilak and Gokhale: revolution and reform in the making of modern India (1962) full text online
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- Anstey, Vera. The economic development of India (4th ed. 1952), 677pp; thorough scholarly coverage; focus on 20th century down to 1939
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- Dutt, Romesh C. The Economic History of India under early British Rule, first published 1902, 2001 edition by Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-24493-0
- Lockwood, David. ‘’The Indian Bourgeoisie: A Political History of the Indian Capitalist Class in the Early Twentieth Century’’ (I.B. Tauris, 2012) 315 pages; focus on Indian entrepreneurs who benefited from the Raj, but ultimately sided with the Indian National Congress.
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- Tomlinson, B. R. The Economy of Modern India, 1860–1970 (The New Cambridge History of India) (1996) excerpt and text search
- Tomlinson, B. H. "India and the British Empire, 1880–1935," Indian Economic and Social History Review, (Oct 1975), 12#4 pp. 337–380
ਸਥਾਨ-ਬਿਰਤਾਂਤ, ਅੰਕੜੇ ਅਤੇ ਮੁਢਲੇ ਸਰੋਤ
- Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1912). Responsible government in the dominions. The Clarendon press., major primary sources in 1670pp
- Indian Year-book for 1862: A review of social, intellectual, and religious progress in India and Ceylon (1863), ed. by John Murdoch online edition 250pp; 1861 edition
- The Year-book of the Imperial Institute of the United Kingdom, the colonies and India: a statistical record of the resources and trade of the colonial and Indian possessions of the British Empire (2nd. ed. 1893) 880pp; India = pp. 375–462 online edition
- The Imperial Gazetteer of India (26 vol, 1908–31), highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. online edition
- Statistical abstract relating to British India, from 1895–96 to 1904–05 (London, 1906) full text online, 278pp
- The Cyclopedia of India: biographical, historical, administrative, commercial (1908) complete text online, business history, biographies, illustrations
- The Indian year book: 1914 (1914) snippets
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- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition (June 2008), on-line edition (September 2011): "spec. In full British Raj. Direct rule in India by the British (1858–1947); this period of dominion."
- ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989. Examples: 1955 Times 25 Aug 9/7 It was effective against the British raj in India, and the conclusion drawn here is that the British knew that they were wrong. 1969 R. MILLAR Kut xv. 288 Sir Stanley Maude had taken command in Mesopotamia, displacing the raj of antique Indian Army commanders. 1975 H. R. ISAACS in H. M. Patel et al. Say not the Struggle Nought Availeth 251 The post-independence régime in all its incarnations since the passing of the British Raj.
- ↑ First the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland then, after 1927, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- ↑ The names "Empire of India" and "Federation of India" were also in use.
- ↑ Kaul, Chandrika. "From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947". Retrieved 3 March 2011.